1）Mechanically Penetrated System

Through fasteners pierce membrane, insulation and roof deck. Risk of leakage and potential void roof warranty. Continuous metal studs create unavoidable thermal bridging, which can only be reduced by thermal break sleeves instead of fully eliminated. Complicated flashing work required for each penetration.

2）Ballasted Mounting System

Rely on concrete ballast for wind resistance with no penetration. Disadvantage: significant extra dead load on roof, not suitable for buildings with limited load-bearing capacity. Long term friction may damage roof membrane.

3）Ballast-Free Zero-Penetrating System

Bases thermally welded to membrane, no penetration, no ballast. Ultra light additional load with linear load distribution. Fundamentally eliminate through-metal thermal bridging. Roof membrane integrity preserved to maintain original roof warranty.